محمد ضیاء الحق | |
In office 16 September 1978 – 17 August 1988 | |
Prime Minister | Muhammad Khan Junejo |
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Preceded by | Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry |
Succeeded by | Ghulam Ishaq Khan |
Chief of Army Staff | |
In office 1 March 1976 – 17 August 1988 | |
Preceded by | Tikka Khan |
Succeeded by | Mirza Aslam Beg |
Personal details | |
Born | 12 August 1924 Jalandhar, Punjab, British India(Now in Punjab, India) |
Died | 17 August 1988 (aged 64) Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan |
Cause of death | Airplane crash |
Resting place | Faisal Mosque,Islamabad |
Nationality | British Indian (1924–1947) Pakistani (1947–1988) |
Spouse(s) | Begum Shafiq Zia (1950–1988; his death)[1] |
Children | 5 (including Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq) |
Alma mater | St. Stephen's College, Delhi United States Army Command and General Staff College |
Military service | |
Nickname(s) | Mard-e-Momin |
Allegiance | British India Pakistan |
Branch/service | British Indian Army Pakistan Army |
Years of service | 1943–1988 |
Rank | |
Unit | 22 Cavalry, Army Armoured Corps (PA – 1810) |
Commands | 2nd Independent Armoured Brigade 1st Armoured Division II Strike Corps Chief of Army Staff |
Battles/wars | World War II Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 Soviet–Afghan War Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 |
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Elections
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Part of a series on: Islamism |
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Scholastic Political Militant
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The Military Government of General Zia-ul-Haq | ||
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Presidential cabinet | Officer holder | Term |
President | General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq | 1978–1988 |
Prime Minister | Mohammad Khan Junejo | 1985–1988 |
Foreign Affairs | Agha Shahi Lt.GeneralYaqub Khan | 1977–1982 1982–1992 |
Treasury | Ghulam Ishaq Khan Dr. Mahbub-ul-Haq | 1977–1985 1985–1988 |
Law, Justice | Sharifuddin Pirzada | 1977–1988 |
Interior | Air Mshl Inamul Haq Khan Mahmoud Haroon Lt.GeneralFarooq Lodhi Aslam Khan Wasim Sajjad | 1977–1978 1978–1984 1984–1985 1985–1987 1987–1988 |
Defence | Lt.General Ghulam Jilani Khan Maj.General Rahim Khan | 1977–1980 1980–1988 |
Science advisor | Lt.GeneralZahid Ali Akbar Munir Ahmad Khan | 1977–1983 1983–1988 |
Health | 1977–1988 | |
Media broadcasting | 1977–1988 | |
Internal Security | Roedad Khan | 1977–1988 |
Public Service | 1980–1988 | |
Communications | 1986–1988 | |
Economic | 1983–1988 | |
Intelligence | 1983–1988 |
“ | (sic)..Either General Zia did not know the facts about country's atomic bomb project.. Or General Zia was the 'most superb and patriotic liar I have ever met..' | ” |
— Vernon Walters, 1981, [74] |
“ | Well, he was a great loss..He is a martyr, and was a great man. | ” |
— George P. Shultz, 1988, [121] |
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(help)In his first speech to the nation, Zia pledged the government would work to create a true Islamic society.
Pakistan during the period 1977–1988 .. aspired to be an ideological state.. the goal of an Islamic state was deemed to be its main basis.
'I [Ramsey Clark] do not believe in conspiracy theories in general, but the similarities in the staging of riots in Chile (where the CIA allegedly helped overthrow President Salvador Allende) and in Pakistan are just too close, Bhutto was removed from power in Pakistan by force on 5 July, after the usual party on the 4th at the U.S. Embassy in Islamabad, with U.S. approval, if not more, by Zia. Bhutto was falsely accused and subjected to brutality for months during proceedings that corrupted the Judiciary of Pakistan before being murdered, then hanged. As Americans, we must ask ourselves this: Is it possible that a rational military leader under the circumstances in Pakistan could have overthrown a constitutional government, without at least the tacit approval of the United States?'.
'What is a constitution? It is a booklet with twelve or ten pages. I can tear them away and say that tomorrow we shall live under a different system. Today, the people will follow wherever I lead. All the politicians including the once mighty Mr. Bhutto and his [Scumbag] friends will follow me with tails wagging..' General Zia-ul-Haq in 1977
'I hate anybody projecting as a leader .. if you want to serve the Islamic Ummah and Humanity, do it as a humble person. Amongst Muslims we are all Muslim brothers .. not leaders..
'It is either his neck or mine! .. I have not convicted him or his friend [Mubashir Hassan], and if they hold him guilty, my God, I am not going to let him off!Missing or empty
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(help)Partyless elections encouraged sectarian and ethnic mobilisation to the detriment of national integration. C. Rakisits points out that '.. Ethnic identification has increasingly replaced the Pakistan 'nation' as a symbol of emotional loyalty.'
.. the period of rapid economic growth during the 1980s also dampened threats to Zia's power, although it was based more on the bounty of remittances from overseas' workers than on economic policies. .. per capita income [increased] by 34% but the economy also benefited in this period from overseas remittances of $25 billion.
The dramatic rise in remittances coincided with the first year of the Zia government and is considered the most significant economic development during his era. These remittances totaling $3.2 billion per year for most of the 1980s, were substantial, particular in relation to the size of the economy. They accounted for 10 percent of GDP; 45 percent of current account receipts, and 40 percent of total foreign exchange earnings
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(help)[full citation needed].. Zia rewarded the only political party to offer him consistent support, Jamaat-e-Islami. Tens of thousands of Jamaat activists and sympathisers were given jobs in the judiciary, the civil service and other state institutions. These appointments meant Zia's Islamic agenda lived on long after he died.
The need for stability in the strategic region of Balochistan during the Afghan war led Zia to distance himself from the sectarian conflict between the heterodox Zikri community and the ulama. .. Significantly standing aside from the issue, Zia lent credence to critics' claim that his call for Islamisation was just a cover for his undemocratic regime rather than a genuine desire.
The state sponsored process of Islamisation dramatically increased sectarian divisions not only between Sunnis and Shia over the issue of the 1979 Zakat Ordinance, but also between Deobandis and Barelvis.
This was a time when the wily General Ziaul-Haq was reigning supreme .. Even though the country, at the time was covered by a .. façade of strict conservatism and .. moralistic pretence,.. Ironically, it .. also propelled the gradual expansion of the country's urban middle and lower-middle-classes. And it is the youth cultures that emerged from these classes that launched the first shots of the kind of pop culture, scene and music we now call modern Pakistani pop.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq |
Military offices | ||
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Preceded by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto | Colonel Commandant of Army Armoured Corps 1974–1978 | Succeeded by Ali Jan Mehsud |
Preceded by Tikka Khan | Chief of Army Staff 1976–1988 | Succeeded by Mirza Aslam Beg |
Political offices | ||
Preceded by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto | Minister of Defence 1978 | Succeeded by Ali Ahmed Khan Talpur |
Preceded by Ali Ahmed Khan Talpur | Minister of Defence 1985 | Succeeded by Muhammad Khan Junejo |
Preceded by Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry | President of Pakistan 1978–1988 | Succeeded by Ghulam Ishaq Khan |